Which Of The Following Statements About Directory Services Networks Is False

Directory service, created by Microsoft for Windows domain networks

Active Directory (AD) is a directory service developed by Microsoft for Windows domain networks. It is included in most Windows Server operating systems as a set of processes and services.^{[one] [2]} Initially, Active Directory was used only for centralized domain direction. However, Active Directory eventually became an umbrella title for a broad range of directory-based identity-related services.^[3]

A server running the Agile Directory Domain Service (AD DS) function is called a domain controller. Information technology authenticates and authorizes all users and computers in a Windows domain type network, assigning and enforcing security policies for all computers, and installing or updating software. For example, when a user logs into a computer that is part of a Windows domain, Active Directory checks the submitted username and countersign and determines whether the user is a organization administrator or normal user.^[4] Likewise, it allows management and storage of information, provides authentication and authorization mechanisms and establishes a framework to deploy other related services: Document Services, Active Directory Federation Services, Lightweight Directory Services, and Rights Direction Services.^[5]

Agile Directory uses Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) versions 2 and 3, Microsoft's version of Kerberos,^[half-dozen] and DNS.^[7]

History [edit]

Like many information-technology efforts, Active Directory originated out of a democratization of blueprint using Request for Comments (RFCs). The Internet Engineering Job Force (IETF), which oversees the RFC process, has accepted numerous RFCs initiated by widespread participants. For instance, LDAP underpins Active Directory. Also, X.500 directories and the Organizational Unit preceded the Active Directory concept that makes use of those methods. The LDAP concept began to emerge even before the founding of Microsoft in April 1975, with RFCs as early as 1971. RFCs contributing to LDAP include RFC 1823 (on the LDAP API, August 1995),^[8] RFC 2307, RFC 3062, and RFC 4533.^{[9] [10] [11]}

Microsoft previewed Active Directory in 1999, released information technology first with Windows 2000 Server edition, and revised it to extend functionality and improve assistants in Windows Server 2003. Active Directory back up was besides added to Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows NT 4.0 via patch, with some features being unsupported.^{[12] [13]} Additional improvements came with subsequent versions of Windows Server. In Windows Server 2008, additional services were added to Active Directory, such as Active Directory Federation Services.^[xiv] The role of the directory in charge of the management of domains, which was previously a cadre part of the operating system,^[14] was renamed Active Directory Domain Services (ADDS) and became a server role similar others.^[iii] "Active Directory" became the umbrella title of a broader range of directory-based services.^[15] According to Byron Hynes, everything related to identity was brought under Agile Directory's banner.^[3]

Active Directory Services [edit]

Active Directory Services consist of multiple directory services. The best known is Active Directory Domain Services, unremarkably abbreviated as Advertizement DS or simply AD.

Domain Services [edit]

Agile Directory Domain Services (Advertisement DS) is the foundation stone of every Windows domain network. It stores information about members of the domain, including devices and users, verifies their credentials and defines their access rights. The server running this service is called a domain controller. A domain controller is contacted when a user logs into a device, accesses another device across the network or runs a line-of-business Metro-style app sideloaded into a device.

Other Active Directory services (excluding LDS, as described below) as well as most of Microsoft server technologies rely on or utilize Domain Services; examples include Group Policy, Encrypting File Organization, BitLocker, Domain Name Services, Remote Desktop Services, Exchange Server and SharePoint Server.

The self-managed Advertisement DS must not exist confused with managed Azure AD DS, which is a cloud product.^[sixteen]

Lightweight Directory Services [edit]

Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (Advert LDS), formerly known every bit Active Directory Application Fashion (ADAM),^[17] is an implementation of LDAP protocol for AD DS.^[18] AD LDS runs as a service on Windows Server. Advertizing LDS shares the code base with Advertisement DS and provides the same functionality, including an identical API, merely does not require the cosmos of domains or domain controllers. It provides a Data Shop for the storage of directory data and a Directory Service with an LDAP Directory Service Interface. Unlike Advertising DS, all the same, multiple AD LDS instances can run on the same server.

Certificate Services [edit]

Agile Directory Document Services (Ad CS) establishes an on-premises public central infrastructure. It tin create, validate and revoke public key certificates for internal uses of an organization. These certificates can be used to encrypt files (when used with Encrypting File System), emails (per S/MIME standard), and network traffic (when used past virtual private networks, Send Layer Security protocol or IPSec protocol).

AD CS predates Windows Server 2008, simply its name was just Certificate Services.^[19]

AD CS requires an Advertizement DS infrastructure.^[twenty]

Federation Services [edit]

Agile Directory Federation Services (Advertizement FS) is a single sign-on service. With an Advertisement FS infrastructure in place, users may employ several spider web-based services (e.g. net forum, weblog, online shopping, webmail) or network resources using just ane set of credentials stored at a central location, as opposed to having to be granted a dedicated prepare of credentials for each service. AD FS uses many popular open up standards to pass token credentials such equally SAML, OAuth or OpenID Connect.^[21] AD FS supports encryption and signing of SAML assertions.^[22] Ad FS's purpose is an extension of that of Advertisement DS: The latter enables users to authenticate with and use the devices that are function of the same network, using one set up of credentials. The sometime enables them to employ the same set of credentials in a unlike network.

As the proper name suggests, AD FS works based on the concept of federated identity.

Advertizing FS requires an Ad DS infrastructure, although its federation partner may not.^[23]

Rights Management Services [edit]

Active Directory Rights Direction Services (Advertisement RMS, known as Rights Direction Services or RMS before Windows Server 2008) is a server software for information rights management shipped with Windows Server. It uses encryption and a grade of selective functionality denial for limiting access to documents such every bit corporate east-mails, Microsoft Give-and-take documents, and web pages, and the operations authorized users can perform on them. These operations tin can include viewing, editing, copying, saving as or printing for example. It administrators can create pre-set templates for the convenience of the finish user if required. However, stop users tin can nonetheless define who can access the content in question and prepare what they can do. ^[24]

Logical structure [edit]

As a directory service, an Active Directory instance consists of a database and corresponding executable code responsible for servicing requests and maintaining the database. The executable part, known every bit Directory Organisation Agent, is a collection of Windows services and processes that run on Windows 2000 and afterward.^[1] Objects in Active Directory databases can exist accessed via LDAP, ADSI (a component object model interface), messaging API and Security Accounts Director services.^[2]

Objects [edit]

A simplified example of a publishing company's internal network. The company has 4 groups with varying permissions to the three shared folders on the network.

Active Directory structures are arrangements of data about objects. The objects fall into ii broad categories: resources (e.g., printers) and security principals (user or computer accounts and groups). Security principals are assigned unique security identifiers (SIDs).

Each object represents a single entity—whether a user, a computer, a printer, or a group—and its attributes. Certain objects can contain other objects. An object is uniquely identified by its name and has a set of attributes—the characteristics and data that the object represents— defined by a schema, which also determines the kinds of objects that tin be stored in the Active Directory.

The schema object lets administrators extend or modify the schema when necessary. Yet, because each schema object is integral to the definition of Active Directory objects, deactivating or irresolute these objects tin can fundamentally modify or disrupt a deployment. Schema changes automatically propagate throughout the arrangement. In one case created, an object tin can simply exist deactivated—not deleted. Irresolute the schema usually requires planning.^[25]

Forests, trees, and domains [edit]

The Active Directory framework that holds the objects tin exist viewed at a number of levels. The forest, tree, and domain are the logical divisions in an Active Directory network.

Within a deployment, objects are grouped into domains. The objects for a unmarried domain are stored in a unmarried database (which can be replicated). Domains are identified by their DNS proper name construction, the namespace.

A domain is defined as a logical group of network objects (computers, users, devices) that share the same Active Directory database.

A tree is a collection of one or more domains and domain trees in a contiguous namespace and is linked in a transitive trust hierarchy.

At the top of the structure is the forest. A wood is a collection of trees that share a common global catalog, directory schema, logical structure, and directory configuration. The forest represents the security boundary within which users, computers, groups, and other objects are accessible.

Organizational units [edit]

The objects held within a domain can be grouped into organizational units (OUs).^[26] OUs can provide hierarchy to a domain, ease its administration, and can resemble the organization's construction in managerial or geographical terms. OUs can incorporate other OUs—domains are containers in this sense. Microsoft recommends using OUs rather than domains for structure and simplifying the implementation of policies and administration. The OU is the recommended level at which to utilize group policies, which are Active Directory objects formally named group policy objects (GPOs), although policies can besides be applied to domains or sites (run into below). The OU is the level at which administrative powers are commonly delegated, but delegation can exist performed on individual objects or attributes besides.

Organizational units practise non each take a split up namespace. As a effect, for compatibility with Legacy NetBios implementations, user accounts with an identical sAMAccountName are not allowed within the same domain even if the accounts objects are in separate OUs. This is because sAMAccountName, a user object attribute, must exist unique within the domain.^[27] However, two users in different OUs tin can accept the aforementioned common proper name (CN), the name under which they are stored in the directory itself such as "fred.staff-ou.domain" and "fred.student-ou.domain", where "staff-ou" and "educatee-ou" are the OUs.

In full general, the reason for this lack of allowance for duplicate names through hierarchical directory placement is that Microsoft primarily relies on the principles of NetBIOS, which is a flat-namespace method of network object management that, for Microsoft software, goes all the way back to Windows NT iii.one and MS-DOS LAN Director. Assuasive for duplication of object names in the directory, or completely removing the employ of NetBIOS names, would prevent backward compatibility with legacy software and equipment. Nonetheless, disallowing indistinguishable object names in this way is a violation of the LDAP RFCs on which Active Directory is supposedly based.

As the number of users in a domain increases, conventions such as "first initial, middle initial, last name" (Western guild) or the reverse (Eastern order) neglect for common family names like Li (李), Smith or Garcia. Workarounds include adding a digit to the finish of the username. Alternatives include creating a divide ID organisation of unique employee/student ID numbers to use as account names in place of actual users' names and allowing users to nominate their preferred word sequence within an adequate use policy.

Because indistinguishable usernames cannot exist within a domain, business relationship name generation poses a pregnant challenge for large organizations that cannot be easily subdivided into separate domains, such every bit students in a public school system or university who must be able to employ any figurer across the network.

Shadow groups [edit]

In Active Directory, organizational units (OUs) cannot be assigned as owners or trustees. Only groups are selectable, and members of OUs cannot be collectively assigned rights to directory objects.

In Microsoft's Agile Directory, OUs do not confer access permissions, and objects placed within OUs are non automatically assigned access privileges based on their containing OU. This is a pattern limitation specific to Active Directory. Other competing directories such as Novell NDS tin assign access privileges through object placement within an OU.

Agile Directory requires a separate step for an ambassador to assign an object in an OU as a member of a group also within that OU. Relying on OU location alone to determine access permissions is unreliable, because the object may not have been assigned to the group object for that OU.

A common workaround for an Active Directory administrator is to write a custom PowerShell or Visual Basic script to automatically create and maintain a user group for each OU in their directory. The scripts are run periodically to update the grouping to match the OU'due south account membership but are unable to instantly update the security groups someday the directory changes, as occurs in competing directories where security is directly implemented into the directory itself. Such groups are known equally shadow groups. Once created, these shadow groups are selectable in place of the OU in the administrative tools.

Microsoft refers to shadow groups in the Server 2008 Reference documentation but does not explain how to create them. There are no built-in server methods or panel snap-ins for managing shadow groups.^[28]

The partitioning of an organization's information infrastructure into a hierarchy of i or more domains and meridian-level OUs is a fundamental conclusion. Common models are by business unit, by geographical location, past It Service, or past object type and hybrids of these. OUs should be structured primarily to facilitate authoritative delegation, and secondarily, to facilitate group policy awarding. Although OUs course an administrative purlieus, the only true security purlieus is the forest itself and an ambassador of any domain in the forest must be trusted across all domains in the forest.^[29]

Partitions [edit]

The Active Directory database is organized in partitions, each belongings specific object types and post-obit a specific replication pattern. Microsoft oftentimes refers to these partitions every bit 'naming contexts'.^[xxx] The 'Schema' sectionalisation contains the definition of object classes and attributes within the Forest. The 'Configuration' partition contains data on the physical structure and configuration of the forest (such as the site topology). Both replicate to all domains in the Forest. The 'Domain' partition holds all objects created in that domain and replicates but within its domain.

Physical structure [edit]

Sites are physical (rather than logical) groupings defined by one or more IP subnets.^[31] Advert too holds the definitions of connections, distinguishing low-speed (e.m., WAN, VPN) from loftier-speed (e.one thousand., LAN) links. Site definitions are independent of the domain and OU construction and are common across the forest. Sites are used to control network traffic generated by replication and likewise to refer clients to the nearest domain controllers (DCs). Microsoft Substitution Server 2007 uses the site topology for mail service routing. Policies can also be defined at the site level.

Physically, the Active Directory data is held on one or more peer domain controllers, replacing the NT PDC/BDC model. Each DC has a re-create of the Active Directory. Servers joined to Agile Directory that is not domain controllers are called Member Servers.^[32] A subset of objects in the domain partition replicate to domain controllers that are configured as global catalogs. Global itemize (GC) servers provide a global listing of all objects in the Forest.^{[33] [34]} Global Catalog servers replicate to themselves all objects from all domains and, hence, provide a global listing of objects in the wood. However, to minimize replication traffic and keep the GC'due south database minor, only selected attributes of each object are replicated. This is called the partial attribute set (PAS). The PAS can exist modified past modifying the schema and marking attributes for replication to the GC.^[35] Earlier versions of Windows used NetBIOS to communicate. Active Directory is fully integrated with DNS and requires TCP/IP—DNS. To be fully functional, the DNS server must support SRV resource records, as well known equally service records.

Replication [edit]

Active Directory synchronizes changes using multi-primary replication.^[36] Replication by default is 'pull' rather than 'push button', significant that replicas pull changes from the server where the change was effected.^[37] The Knowledge Consistency Checker (KCC) creates a replication topology of site links using the defined sites to manage traffic. Intra-site replication is frequent and automatic as a result of change notification, which triggers peers to brainstorm a pull replication cycle. Inter-site replication intervals are typically less frequent and practice not apply change notification by default, although this is configurable and can be made identical to intra-site replication.

Each link tin can accept a 'price' (eastward.chiliad., DS3, T1, ISDN, etc.) and the KCC alters the site link topology accordingly. Replication may occur transitively through several site links on same-protocol site link bridges, if the cost is low, although KCC automatically costs a directly site-to-site link lower than transitive connections. Site-to-site replication tin can be configured to occur between a bridgehead server in each site, which and then replicates the changes to other DCs within the site. Replication for Active Directory zones is automatically configured when DNS is activated in the domain-based by the site.

Replication of Active Directory uses Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) over IP (RPC/IP). Between Sites, SMTP tin can be used for replication, but merely for changes in the Schema, Configuration, or Fractional Attribute Ready (Global Itemize) GCs. SMTP cannot be used for replicating the default Domain partition.^[38]

Implementation [edit]

In full general, a network utilizing Agile Directory has more than one licensed Windows server computer. Backup and restore of Active Directory is possible for a network with a single domain controller,^[39] merely Microsoft recommends more i domain controller to provide automatic failover protection of the directory.^[40] Domain controllers are also ideally single-purpose for directory operations only, and should not run whatsoever other software or function.^[41]

Certain Microsoft products such as SQL Server^{[42] [43]} and Exchange^[44] tin can interfere with the operation of a domain controller, necessitating isolation of these products on additional Windows servers. Combining them can brand configuration or troubleshooting of either the domain controller or the other installed software more difficult.^[45] A business intending to implement Agile Directory is therefore recommended to purchase a number of Windows server licenses, to provide for at least 2 separate domain controllers, and optionally, additional domain controllers for performance or redundancy, a separate file server, a dissever Exchange server, a separate SQL Server,^[46] and then along to support the diverse server roles.

Physical hardware costs for the many separate servers can be reduced through the use of virtualization, although for proper failover protection, Microsoft recommends not running multiple virtualized domain controllers on the same physical hardware.^[47]

Database [edit]

The Active-Directory database, the directory store, in Windows 2000 Server uses the JET Blueish-based Extensible Storage Engine (ESE98) and is express to 16 terabytes and 2 billion objects (only but 1 billion security principals) in each domain controller'southward database. Microsoft has created NTDS databases with more than two billion objects.^[48] (NT4'due south Security Account Director could support no more than 40,000 objects). Called NTDS.DIT, information technology has two chief tables: the data table and the link table. Windows Server 2003 added a third chief table for security descriptor single instancing.^[48]

Programs may admission the features of Active Directory^[49] via the COM interfaces provided by Agile Directory Service Interfaces.^[fifty]

Trusting [edit]

To allow users in i domain to access resource in another, Active Directory uses trusts.^[51]

Trusts within a forest are automatically created when domains are created. The woods sets the default boundaries of trust, and implicit, transitive trust is automatic for all domains within a forest.

Terminology [edit]

Ane-mode trust

One domain allows access to users on another domain, but the other domain does not permit admission to users on the first domain.

Two-way trust

Two domains let access to users on both domains.

Trusted domain

The domain that is trusted; whose users have access to the trusting domain.

Transitive trust

A trust that tin can extend beyond two domains to other trusted domains in the forest.

Intransitive trust

A one manner trust that does not extend beyond ii domains.

Explicit trust

A trust that an admin creates. It is not transitive and is one fashion only.

Cross-link trust

An explicit trust between domains in unlike trees or the aforementioned tree when a descendant/ancestor (kid/parent) relationship does not exist betwixt the 2 domains.

Shortcut

Joins two domains in different copse, transitive, one- or two-way.

Forest trust

Applies to the entire forest. Transitive, one- or ii-manner.

Realm

Can exist transitive or nontransitive (intransitive), one- or two-way.

External

Connect to other forests or non-AD domains. Nontransitive, one- or two-mode.^[52]

PAM trust

A 1-way trust used by Microsoft Identity Manager from a (possibly low-level) production forest to a (Windows Server 2016 functionality level) 'bastion' forest, which issues fourth dimension-limited group memberships.^{[53] [54]}

Management solutions [edit]

Microsoft Active Directory management tools include:

• Active Directory Administrative Eye (Introduced with Windows Server 2012 and in a higher place),
• Active Directory Users and Computers,
• Active Directory Domains and Trusts,
• Active Directory Sites and Services,
• ADSI Edit,
• Local Users and Groups,
• Agile Directory Schema snap-ins for Microsoft Management Console (MMC),
• SysInternals ADExplorer

These management tools may not provide enough functionality for efficient workflow in large environments. Some third-party solutions extend the administration and management capabilities. They provide essential features for a more than convenient administration process, such every bit automation, reports, integration with other services, etc.

Unix integration [edit]

Varying levels of interoperability with Agile Directory can exist achieved on most Unix-like operating systems (including Unix, Linux, Mac Bone 10 or Coffee and Unix-based programs) through standards-compliant LDAP clients, but these systems usually do not interpret many attributes associated with Windows components, such as Grouping Policy and back up for 1-style trusts.

Tertiary parties offer Active Directory integration for Unix-similar platforms, including:

• PowerBroker Identity Services, formerly Too (BeyondTrust, formerly Also Software) – Allows a non-Windows client to join Active Directory^[55]
• ADmitMac (Thursby Software Systems)^[55]
• Samba (free software under GPLv3) – Can act every bit a domain controller^{[56] [57]}

The schema additions shipped with Windows Server 2003 R2 include attributes that map closely enough to RFC 2307 to be generally usable. The reference implementation of RFC 2307, nss_ldap and pam_ldap provided by PADL.com, support these attributes straight. The default schema for group membership complies with RFC 2307bis (proposed).^[58] Windows Server 2003 R2 includes a Microsoft Direction Console snap-in that creates and edits the attributes.

An culling option is to employ another directory service as non-Windows clients authenticate to this while Windows Clients authenticate to AD. Non-Windows clients include 389 Directory Server (formerly Fedora Directory Server, FDS), ViewDS Identity Solutions - ViewDS v7.2 XML Enabled Directory and Sun Microsystems Sun Java System Directory Server. The latter two both being able to perform ii-way synchronization with AD and thus provide a "deflected" integration.

Another option is to employ OpenLDAP with its translucent overlay, which tin extend entries in any remote LDAP server with additional attributes stored in a local database. Clients pointed at the local database run across entries containing both the remote and local attributes, while the remote database remains completely untouched.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Administration (querying, modifying, and monitoring) of Active Directory can be achieved via many scripting languages, including PowerShell, VBScript, JScript/JavaScript, Perl, Python, and Ruby.^{[59] [60] [61] [62]} Free and not-free Advert administration tools can help to simplify and mayhap automate AD management tasks.

Since October 2017 Amazon AWS offers integration with Microsoft Active Directory.^[63]

See as well [edit]

• AGDLP (implementing role based access controls using nested groups)
• Apple Open up Directory
• Flexible unmarried master performance

• FreeIPA
• List of LDAP software
• Organisation Security Services Daemon (SSSD)
• Univention Corporate Server

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63. ^ "Introducing AWS Directory Service for Microsoft Active Directory (Standard Edition)". Amazon Web Services. 24 October 2017.

External links [edit]

• Microsoft Technet: White paper: Active Directory Architecture (Single technical document that gives an overview virtually Agile Directory.)
• Microsoft Technet: Detailed clarification of Active Directory on Windows Server 2003
• Microsoft MSDN Library: [MS-ADTS]: Active Directory Technical Specification (part of the Microsoft Open Specification Hope)
• Active Directory Application Way (ADAM)
• Microsoft MSDN: [AD-LDS]: Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services
• Microsoft TechNet: [AD-LDS]: Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services
• Microsoft MSDN: Active Directory Schema
• Microsoft TechNet: Agreement Schema
• Microsoft TechNet Magazine: Extending the Active Directory Schema
• Microsoft MSDN: Active Directory Certificate Services
• Microsoft TechNet: Active Directory Certificate Services

Which Of The Following Statements About Directory Services Networks Is False,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory

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